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BREED SPECIFIC LAWS: A BASIC PRIMER Material on this page © The Animal Council 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS designate one or more specific dog breeds, mixes of these breeds or dogs having an
appearance of the designated breeds. These may include:
* Bull breeds – AKC, UKC, ADBA, mixes, appearance
* Rottweilers, Dobermans, German Shepherds
* Lesser common breeds – Akitas, Malamutes, Siberians, etc.
* Rare breeds – American Bulldogs, Presas, Tosas, etc.
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS impose prohibitions, restrictions or requirements on keeping the designated dog:
* outright prohibition
* future prohibition with grandfathering, with or without permits, restrictions or requirements
* immediate permits, restrictions or requirements
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS have been enacted by state and local governments (no federal law to date)
* provisions in general animal control provisions; or
* may also be used in the context of a dangerous dog law to impose these permits, restrictions or
requirements on designated breeds, with or without due process provisions.
BREED SPECIFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT is done through licensing, door to door, general surveillance, complaint or
incident driven and may include:
* due process opportunity to show incorrect identification
* destruction with or without opportunity to remove from jurisdiction
* remain in community under permits, restrictions and requirements
BREED SPECIFIC LAW common requirements may include:
* housing: pens, fences, residence or building, warning signs
* handling: muzzles, leash length and strength, age and competence of handler
* transport: vehicle containment, destinations, entering jurisdiction
* activities: public area restrictions
* status: spay/neuter; offspring, identification by photo, microchip or tattoo
* extra costs: permits, enhanced penalties
* insurance or bond: availability, amount, named insureds, notices of cancellation, documentation
* civil and or criminal penalties, destruction of dog for violations
BREED SPECIFIC LAW related consequences:
* housing discrimination for renters or through CC&Rs
* Americans with Disabilities Act accommodation or state service dog laws
* insurance underwriting discrimination
* common carrier discrimination (airline policies)
* travel, relocation, access to services (vet, training, events)
* shelter practices and policies
* prohibition from participation in training, events and activities
* emotional distress to family and others
* distress to dogs impounded, destroyed or badly treated including by
law enforcement (search warrants, probation and parole, emergency response
* underground avoidance of licensing, rabies vaccination, vet care, training, socialization
* confrontational violence potential for owner, family, community
"BSL" emerged in the 1980's and focused on "pit bulls." Enactment was sporadic in the United States but
resulted in state litigation challenging local ordinances on several issues. A number of cases upheld local laws,
and the trend to litigate tapered off with upsurges in new ordinances often following publicized incidents. To
date, Ohio is the only state including "pit bulls" in its vicious dog definition. That statutory provision was
successfully challenged for lack of due process generally, not related to the breed specific reference in 2004.
Additional legislation will address this deficiency and may change the BSL provision.
(State v. Cowan, 103 Ohio St.3d 144)
Another Ohio case in the Third Appellate District, Marion County, State v. Murphy reversed a criminal conviction
based on the statutory inclusion of pit bulls as vicious for lack of evidence presented to the trial court that the
specific pit bulls were vicious and disregard of defendant's evidence that they were not vicious. NEW 12/24/06
UPDATED 4/25/08 Information on legal issues & case law
CALIFORNIA local jurisdictions considered but did not enact BSL during the early to mid-1980s. For example, in
1985 at the request of a citizen, Contra Costa County considered and rejected BSL in favor of "generic"
dangerous dog provisions. November 4, 1985: Regulation of Dangerous Animals
The first local BSL ordinance in California was enacted in the Central Valley town of Livingston in March, 1987
using a restricted permit format. Livingston, March 1987
Other jurisdictions quickly followed including Santa Clara County, Woodland, Santa Monica and Union City. The
Union City ordinance was successfully challenged in a trial court decision.
A state BSL bill was introduced but during the legislative process, the BSL provision was deleted and a
comprehensive provision added to a generic dangerous dog law as Food & Agricultural Code Section 31683:
Deukmejian. Governor's Letter
Updated 9/12/07 Detailed information on state "breed specific preemption" law
Some but not all local California BSL ordinances were repealed but there was no enforcement against individual
owners in the ensuing years. Individual shelter policies and practices varied as to adoption of pit bulls or other
types of dogs considered dangerous. Following a fatal incident in San Francisco in June, 2005, SB 861 modified
the preemption to will allow cities and counties to enact ordinances specific as to breed only pertaining to
mandatory spay/neuter programs and breeding requirements, but no breed or mixed dog breed is to be
declared potentially dangerous or vicious under these ordinances. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed
SB 861 which will be effective January 1, 2006. The remainder of the state statute on dangerous and vicious
dogs remains unchanged but applies only to individual dogs based on specific criteria. California has 58
counties and 478 cities. As authorized, many have enacted more stringent ordinances pertaining to dangerous
and vicious dogs. CALIFORNIA FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL CODE, Dangerous Dog Law, Breed Specific
Preemption (2005) Including amendments effective January 1, 2006
On November 15, 2005 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors unanimously passed 3 related ordinances:
An increase in penalties for failure to license a dog to infraction, fine of $100.
Amendments to the vicious and dangerous dog provisions
New provisions requiring altering all pit bulls, as defined, over 8 weeks unless responsible party meets
stated
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS designate one or more specific dog breeds, mixes of these breeds or dogs having an
appearance of the designated breeds. These may include:
* Bull breeds – AKC, UKC, ADBA, mixes, appearance
* Rottweilers, Dobermans, German Shepherds
* Lesser common breeds – Akitas, Malamutes, Siberians, etc.
* Rare breeds – American Bulldogs, Presas, Tosas, etc.
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS impose prohibitions, restrictions or requirements on keeping the designated dog:
* outright prohibition
* future prohibition with grandfathering, with or without permits, restrictions or requirements
* immediate permits, restrictions or requirements
BREED SPECIFIC LAWS have been enacted by state and local governments (no federal law to date)
* provisions in general animal control provisions; or
* may also be used in the context of a dangerous dog law to impose these permits, restrictions or
requirements on designated breeds, with or without due process provisions.
BREED SPECIFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT is done through licensing, door to door, general surveillance, complaint or
incident driven and may include:
* due process opportunity to show incorrect identification
* destruction with or without opportunity to remove from jurisdiction
* remain in community under permits, restrictions and requirements
BREED SPECIFIC LAW common requirements may include:
* housing: pens, fences, residence or building, warning signs
* handling: muzzles, leash length and strength, age and competence of handler
* transport: vehicle containment, destinations, entering jurisdiction
* activities: public area restrictions
* status: spay/neuter; offspring, identification by photo, microchip or tattoo
* extra costs: permits, enhanced penalties
* insurance or bond: availability, amount, named insureds, notices of cancellation, documentation
* civil and or criminal penalties, destruction of dog for violations
BREED SPECIFIC LAW related consequences:
* housing discrimination for renters or through CC&Rs
* Americans with Disabilities Act accommodation or state service dog laws
* insurance underwriting discrimination
* common carrier discrimination (airline policies)
* travel, relocation, access to services (vet, training, events)
* shelter practices and policies
* prohibition from participation in training, events and activities
* emotional distress to family and others
* distress to dogs impounded, destroyed or badly treated including by
law enforcement (search warrants, probation and parole, emergency response
* underground avoidance of licensing, rabies vaccination, vet care, training, socialization
* confrontational violence potential for owner, family, community
"BSL" emerged in the 1980's and focused on "pit bulls." Enactment was sporadic in the United States but
resulted in state litigation challenging local ordinances on several issues. A number of cases upheld local laws,
and the trend to litigate tapered off with upsurges in new ordinances often following publicized incidents. To
date, Ohio is the only state including "pit bulls" in its vicious dog definition. That statutory provision was
successfully challenged for lack of due process generally, not related to the breed specific reference in 2004.
Additional legislation will address this deficiency and may change the BSL provision.
(State v. Cowan, 103 Ohio St.3d 144)
Another Ohio case in the Third Appellate District, Marion County, State v. Murphy reversed a criminal conviction
based on the statutory inclusion of pit bulls as vicious for lack of evidence presented to the trial court that the
specific pit bulls were vicious and disregard of defendant's evidence that they were not vicious. NEW 12/24/06
UPDATED 4/25/08 Information on legal issues & case law
CALIFORNIA local jurisdictions considered but did not enact BSL during the early to mid-1980s. For example, in
1985 at the request of a citizen, Contra Costa County considered and rejected BSL in favor of "generic"
dangerous dog provisions. November 4, 1985: Regulation of Dangerous Animals
The first local BSL ordinance in California was enacted in the Central Valley town of Livingston in March, 1987
using a restricted permit format. Livingston, March 1987
Other jurisdictions quickly followed including Santa Clara County, Woodland, Santa Monica and Union City. The
Union City ordinance was successfully challenged in a trial court decision.
A state BSL bill was introduced but during the legislative process, the BSL provision was deleted and a
comprehensive provision added to a generic dangerous dog law as Food & Agricultural Code Section 31683:
- "Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a city
or county from adopting or enforcing its own program for the control
of potentially dangerous or vicious dogs that may incorporate all,
part, or none of this chapter, or that may punish a violation of this
chapter as a misdemeanor or may impose a more restrictive program
to control potentially dangerous or vicious dogs, provided that no
program shall regulate these dogs in a manner that is specific as to breed."
Deukmejian. Governor's Letter
Updated 9/12/07 Detailed information on state "breed specific preemption" law
Some but not all local California BSL ordinances were repealed but there was no enforcement against individual
owners in the ensuing years. Individual shelter policies and practices varied as to adoption of pit bulls or other
types of dogs considered dangerous. Following a fatal incident in San Francisco in June, 2005, SB 861 modified
the preemption to will allow cities and counties to enact ordinances specific as to breed only pertaining to
mandatory spay/neuter programs and breeding requirements, but no breed or mixed dog breed is to be
declared potentially dangerous or vicious under these ordinances. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed
SB 861 which will be effective January 1, 2006. The remainder of the state statute on dangerous and vicious
dogs remains unchanged but applies only to individual dogs based on specific criteria. California has 58
counties and 478 cities. As authorized, many have enacted more stringent ordinances pertaining to dangerous
and vicious dogs. CALIFORNIA FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL CODE, Dangerous Dog Law, Breed Specific
Preemption (2005) Including amendments effective January 1, 2006
On November 15, 2005 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors unanimously passed 3 related ordinances:
An increase in penalties for failure to license a dog to infraction, fine of $100.
Amendments to the vicious and dangerous dog provisions
New provisions requiring altering all pit bulls, as defined, over 8 weeks unless responsible party meets
stated